List of political parties in the United States
This is a list of political parties in the United States, both past and present. The list does not include independents.
Active parties
[edit]Major parties
[edit]Party | Ideology | Year founded |
Political position | Membership (2022) [1] |
Electoral | Popular | Senators [2] |
Voting | Nonvoting | Governors [3] |
State legislators[3] |
Legislatures [3] |
Trifectas [3] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Democratic Party | Liberalism | 1828 | Center-left to left-wing | 47,194,492 | 306 / 538
|
81,284,778 (51.27%) |
51 / 100 [A]
|
212 / 435
|
3 / 6
|
28 / 55
|
3,271 / 7,383
|
19 / 49
|
17 / 49
| |
![]() |
Republican Party | Conservatism | 1854 | Center-right to right-wing | 35,723,389 | 232 / 538
|
74,224,501 (46.82%) |
49 / 100
|
222 / 435
|
3 / 6
|
26 / 55
|
4,031 / 7,383
|
28 / 49
|
22 / 49
|
Third parties
[edit]Represented in state legislatures
[edit]The following third parties have members in state legislatures affiliated with them.
Multi-state
[edit]Party | Ballot access | Ideology | Year founded |
Political position | Membership | Presidential vote (2020) | State legislators | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Libertarian Party | See also the list of affiliates AZ, CA, CO, DE, FL, HI, ID, IN, KS, LA, MD, MI, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NC, ND, NH, OH, OK, OR, SC, SD, TX, UT, VT, WV, WY + D.C.[4][5] |
Libertarianism[6] | 1971[7] | 727,776
(2022)[1] |
1,865,917 (1.18%) | 1 / 7,383[8]
| ||
![]() |
Forward Party | CO, FL, SC, UT, VA[9] | 2022 | Center | 656 (UT, CO, FL)[10][11][12] | No candidate | 2 / 7,383[13]
|
Single state
[edit]Party | Ballot access | Ideology | Year founded |
Political position | Membership | Presidential vote (2020) | State legislators | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Vermont Progressive Party | Vermont | Progressivism[14] Democratic socialism[14] |
1993 | Left-wing | Unknown | No candidate | 5 / 7,383[15]
| |
Independent Party of Oregon | Oregon | Centrism[16] | 2007 | Center | 137,972
(2022)[1] |
No candidate | 1 / 7,383[17]
|
Parties with ballot access
[edit]The following third parties have ballot access in at least one state and are not represented in a national office or state legislature.[18]
Multi-state
[edit]Party | Ballot access[18][19][20] | Ideology | Year founded |
Political position | Membership | Presidential vote (2020)[21] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Green Party | See also list of affiliates AZ, AR, CA, CO, FL, GA, HI, LA, ME, MS, MT, NM, NC, OR, SC, TX, UT, WV, WI + DC |
Green politics | 2001[22] | Left-wing | 211,550 | 404,090 (0.255%) | |
Constitution Party | AK, CO, FL, ID, MI, MS, NV, NC, OR, SC, UT, WI, WY | Paleoconservatism | 1992[23] | Far-right | 154,157 | 60,066 (0.038%) | ||
![]() |
No Labels | AK, AZ, CO, FL, KS, NC, ND, OR | Centrism | 2010 | Center | 104,967 | No candidate | |
![]() |
Working Families Party | CT, NM, NY, OR, SC | Social democracy[24] Progressivism |
1998[25] | Left-wing | 64,680 | 386,010 (0.243%)[B] | |
![]() |
Alliance Party | CT, MN, SC | Centrism[26] | 2019[27] | Center | 62 | 88,238 (0.056%) | |
![]() |
American Independent Party | CA, UT | Paleoconservatism[28] | 1967 | Far-right | 919,567 | 60,160 (0.038%)[B] | |
Liberal Party | MA, NM | Classical Liberalism[29] | 2022 | 31,343 | No candidate | |||
Natural Law Party | MI, FL | Transcendental Meditation[30] | 1992 | 5,665 | 2,986 (0.002%)[B] | |||
![]() |
Party for Socialism and Liberation | HI, FL[a] | Marxism–Leninism[31] | 2004[23] | Far-left | 1,690 | 85,488 (0.054%) | |
American Solidarity Party | AR, HI | Christian democracy[32] | 2011[32] | Syncretic
Fiscal: Center-left Social: Center-right |
Unknown | 40,365 (0.03%) | ||
Working Class Party | MD, MI | Socialism[33] Progressivism[33] | 2016 | Left-wing | Unknown | No candidate |
Single state
[edit]Active parties without ballot access
[edit]The following parties have been active in the past 4 years, but as of December 2021, did not have official ballot access in any state.[18]
Multi-state
[edit]Single state
[edit]Major parties in Puerto Rico
[edit]The following parties are represented in the Puerto Rican Legislature.
Party | Ideology | Year founded |
Political postion | President | Gubernatorial vote[69] | Senators[70] | Representatives[70] | Mayors[71] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
New Progressive Party Partido Nuevo Progresista |
Puerto Rico statehood | 1967[72] | Center to centre-right | Pedro Pierluisi | 427,016 (33.24%) | 10 / 27
|
21 / 51
|
36 / 78
| |
![]() |
Popular Democratic Party Partido Popular Democrático |
Pro-Commonwealth Centrism |
1938[73] | Center | Jesus Manuel Ortiz | 407,817 (31.75%) | 12 / 27
|
26 / 51
|
41 / 78
| |
![]() |
Citizens' Victory Movement Movimiento Victoria Ciudadana |
Anti-imperialism Anti-neoliberalism Progressivism |
2019 | Left-wing | Ana Irma Rivera Lassén | 179,265 (13.95%) | 2 / 27
|
2 / 51
|
0 / 78
| |
![]() |
Puerto Rican Independence Party Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño |
Puerto Rico independence Social democracy |
1946[72] | Center-left | Rubén Berríos | 175,402 (13.58%) | 1 / 27
|
1 / 51
|
0 / 78
| |
![]() |
Project Dignity Proyecto Dignidad |
Christian democracy Anti-corruption |
2019 | Center-right to right-wing | César Váquez Muñiz | 87,379 (6.80%) | 1 / 27
|
1 / 51
|
1 / 78
|
Historical parties
[edit]Held national office or elected to Congress
[edit]Multi-State political parties
[edit]Single state political parties
[edit]Political parties in the unincorporated territories
[edit]Party | Territory | Other names | Ideology | Mergers/Splits | Created | Disbanded | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party | Puerto Rico | Puerto Rican nationalism[165] | 1922 | 1965 | |||
Puerto Rican Socialist Party | Puerto Rico | Puerto Rican nationalism[166] | 1959 | 1993 | |||
Covenant Party | Northern Mariana Islands | Populism | Merged into: Republican Party | 2001 | 2013[167] | ||
Working People's Party | Puerto Rico | Partido del Pueblo Trabajador | 2010 | 2016 | |||
Popular Party (Guam) | Guam | Commercial Party | Merged into: Democratic Party | 1949 | 1964 | ||
Territorial Party (Guam) | Guam | Merged into: Republican Party | 1956 | 1966 | |||
Popular Party (Northern Mariana Islands)[168][169] | Northern Mariana Islands | Merged into: Democratic Party | 1978 | ||||
Territorial Party (Northern Mariana Islands)[169] | Northern Mariana Islands | Merged into: Republican Party |
Non-electoral organizations
[edit]Active
[edit]This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2023) |
These organizations generally do not nominate candidates for election, but some of them have in the past; they otherwise function similarly to political parties.
Historical
[edit]These historical organizations did not officially nominate candidates for election but may have endorsed or supported campaigns; they otherwise functioned similarly to political parties.
Party registration
[edit]Officially recognized parties in states are not guaranteed have ballot access, membership numbers of some parties with ballot access are not tracked, and vice versa. Not all of these parties are active, and not all states record voter registration by party. Boxes in gray mean that the specific party's registration is not reported.
State/DC | As of | DEM | REP | LIB | GRN | CST | NLB | RFM | WFP | Others | Unaffiliated | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alaska | April 3, 2024[180] | 73,637 | 143,100 | 6,654 | – | 776 | – | 21,232[e] | 346,110 | 591,509 | ||
Arizona | April 2024[181] | 1,192,205 | 1,434,982 | 31,164 | 2,796 | – | 27,539 | – | 1,369,634
|
4,058,320 | ||
Arkansas | May 3, 2024[182] | 86,231 | 131,647 | 700 | 104 | – | 1 | 1,543,863 | 1,762,546 | |||
California | February 20, 2024[183] | 10,285,108 | 5,388,479 | 240,618 | 102,659 | 271 | 42,039 | – | 1,195,512[f] | 4,822,647 | 22,077,333 | |
Colorado | May 1, 2024[184] | 1,006,438 | 903,079 | 37,315 | 8,280 | 11,245 | 7,969 | – | 9,413[g] | 1,850,286 | 3,834,112 | |
Connecticut | May 16, 2024[185] | 798,205 | 466,908 | 2,996 | 1,350 | – | 298 | 29,155[h] | 919,524 | 2,218,436 | ||
Delaware | May 1, 2024[186] | 350,955 | 205,909 | 2,028 | 718 | 238 | 1,768 | 47 | 314 | 15,130[i] | 197,529 | 774,636 |
Washington, DC | August 2022[1] | 379,489 | 26,567 | 2,290 | 3,855 | – | 82,556 | 494,757 | ||||
Florida | February 20, 2024[187] | 4,363,490 | 5,214,907 | 35,445 | 7,712 | 14,833 | 7,498 | – | 266,493[j] | 3,539,382 | 13,449,760 | |
Idaho | August 2022[1] | 129,550 | 577,507 | 11,147 | – | 4,036 | – | 275,271 | 997,511 | |||
Iowa | November 1, 2022[188] | 597,120 | 681,871 | 12,100 | 2,966 | – | 555,988 | 1,850,045 | ||||
Kansas | April 30, 2024[189] | 503,972 | 874,132 | 24,151 | – | 39 | – | 563,482 | 1,965,776 | |||
Kentucky | April 15, 2024[190] | 1,511,242 | 1,615,451 | 16,391 | 2,403 | 1,376 | – | 209 | – | 190,063[k] | 153,870 | 3,491,005 |
Louisiana | November 7, 2023[191] | 1,133,813 | 1,021,571 | 15,839 | 2,583 | 154 | 2,296 | 823 | – | 130,273[l] | 665,154 | 2,979,345 |
Maine | March 5, 2024[192] | 341,925 | 281,904 | 5,236 | 36,724 | – | 9,677 | – | 275,560 | 951,026 | ||
Maryland | March 2024[193] | 2,208,095 | 994,529 | 18,836 | – | 234 | – | 54,299 | 909,180 | 4,185,173 | ||
Massachusetts | May 3, 2024[194] | 1,336,825 | 415,438 | – | 3,599 | 292 | – | 113 | 722 | 36,484[m] | 3,132,433 | 4,925,906 |
Nebraska | May 1, 2024[195] | 330,657 | 605,466 | 18,036 | – | 6,684[n] | 271,568 | 1,232,411 | ||||
Nevada | May 1, 2024[196] | 708,432 | 654,182 | 20,967 | – | 48,105 | 794,532 | 2,329,718 | ||||
New Hampshire | March 29, 2024[197] | 260,281 | 304,375 | – | 325,930 | 890,586 | ||||||
New Jersey | June 1, 2024[198] | 2,496,054 | 1,563,771 | 25,174 | 11,498 | 12,989 | – | 1,550 | – | 28,084[o] | 2,422,574 | 6,561,694 |
New Mexico | April 30, 2024[199] | 577,692 | 415,653 | – | 27,443[p] | 315,390 | 1,336,178 | |||||
New York | February 27, 2024[200] | 6,404,069 | 2,903,144 | – | 54,678 | 572,778[q] | 3,173,678 | 13,108,347 | ||||
North Carolina | May 1, 2024[201] | 2,404,692 | 2,234,315 | 50,119 | 2,056 | 0 (New) | 7,752 | – | 2,743,054 | 7,441,988 | ||
Oklahoma | April 30, 2024[202] | 649,432 | 1,214,774 | 22,365 | – | 449,488 | 2,336,059 | |||||
Oregon | August 2022[1] | 1,014,041 | 730,765 | 20,865 | 7,820 | – | 8,364 | 141,185[r] | 1,031,392 | 2,958,277 | ||
Pennsylvania | April 29, 2024[203] | 3,895,223 | 3,499,524 | 42,919 | 10,326 | – | 1,273,199 | 8,721,191 | ||||
Rhode Island | May 2024[204] | 281,725 | 103,268 | – | 338,629 | 723,622 | ||||||
South Dakota | May 1, 2024[205] | 144,243 | 303,722 | 2,923 | – | 22 | – | 945 | 149,935 | 601,790 | ||
Utah | June 3, 2024[206] | 275,698 | 991,894 | 26,411 | 74 | 8,497 | 2,353 | – | 88,837[s] | 574,734 | 1,968,498 | |
West Virginia | May 4, 2024[207] | 358,056 | 477,549 | 10,800 | 2,542 | – | 39,412 | 292,963 | 1,181,322 | |||
Wyoming | May 4, 2024[208] | 23,787 | 178,387 | 1,057 | – | 343 | 13 | – | 15,875 | 219,462 |
Parties by number of registered voters
[edit]- Democratic Party – 46,121,872
- Republican Party – 36,556,705
- American Independent Party – 834,730
- Libertarian Party – 704,455
- Independent Party of Florida – 234,524
- Green Party – 210,053
- Conservative Party of New York State – 164,826
- Peace and Freedom Party – 138,238
- Independent Party of Oregon – 137,972
- Independent Party of Louisiana – 136,125
- No Labels – 109,920
- American Independent Party of Nevada – 103,500
- American Independent Party of Utah – 85,243
- Working Families Party – 64,674
- Constitution Party – 46,553
- Liberal Party – 31,343
- Independent Party of Connecticut – 29,136
- Common Sense Party – 22,029
- Conservative Party of Florida – 17,595
- Alaskan Independence Party – 18,683
- Conservative Party of New Jersey – 14,639
- United Independent Party – 14,469
- Independent Party of Delaware – 10,722
- Constitution Party of Utah – 8,475
- Socialist Party of New Jersey – 7,856
- Legal Marijuana NOW Party of Nebraska – 6,684
- Natural Law Party – 5,668
- Boricua Party – 5,068
- Approval Voting Party – 4,721
- Constitution Party of Oregon – 3,845
- We the People Party – 3,445
- Oregon Progressive Party – 3,213
- Unity Party – 3,134
- United Utah – 3,087
- Coalition With a Purpose – 2,936
- Ecology Party of Florida – 2,881
- Reform Party – 2,742
- Party for Socialism and Liberation – 1,827
- Socialist Party – 1,700
- Socialist Party of Massachusetts – 1,615
- Colorado Center Party – 1,558
- Green Party of Alaska – 1,520
- People's Party – 1,212
- Conservative Party of Louisiana – 794
- Conservative Party of Delaware – 790
- Socialist Workers Party – 727
- Liberal Party of Delaware – 682
- Forward Party – 608
- American Party of Delaware – 520
- American Solidarity Party – 568
- American Delta Party – 462
- Alaska Moderate Party – 388
- Progressive Party of Alaska – 253
- Patriot's Party of Alaska – 219
- Workers Party of Massachusetts – 183
- OWL – 96
- Mandalorians – 92
- Blue Enigma Party – 81
- Alliance Party – 62
- Normal Party of California – 24
- Prohibition Party – 19
- Moderate Party of California – 18
- One Party – 15
- FreedomReform Party – 8
- Ring of Truth Party – 6
- Hogwash Party – 5
- Aurora Party – 3
- Unaffiliated/Independent – 34,006,350
See also
[edit]- Political parties in the United States
- List of frivolous political parties
- List of ruling political parties by country
- List of political parties in Puerto Rico
- List of state parties of the Democratic Party
- List of state Green Parties in the United States
- List of state parties of the Libertarian Party
- List of state parties of the Republican Party
- Party system
- Political party strength in U.S. states
- Politics of the United States
- Third party (United States)
- Two-party system
Notes
[edit]- Notes
- ^ No presidential ballot access
- ^ See membership table below
- ^ No presidential ballot access
- ^ Disaffiliated
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- Alaskan Independence – 18,683
- Green Party of Alaska (unaffiliated) – 1,520
- Alaska Moderate – 388
- Progressive – 253
- Patriot's – 219
- OWL – 96
- Alliance – 62
- FreedomReform – 8
- Aurora – 3
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- American Independent Party – 834,730
- Peace and Freedom Party – 138,238
- Common Sense Party – 22,029
- We the People – 3,251
- Solidarity – 465
- Normal – 24
- Moderate – 18
- One – 15
- Ring of Truth – 6
- Hogwash – 5
- Others – 97,075
- Unknown – 99,756
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- Approval Voting – 4,721
- Colorado Center – 1,558
- Forward – 87
- Unity – 3,134
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- Independent Party of Connecticut – 29,136
- We the People – 19
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- Independent Party of Delaware – 10,722
- Conservative Party of Delaware – 790
- Liberal Party of Delaware – 682
- American – 520
- American Delta – 462
- Socialist Workers – 135
- Mandalorians – 92
- Blue Enigma – 81
- Natural Law – 79
- Other – 1,392
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- Independent Party of Florida – 234,524
- Conservative Party of Florida– 17,595
- Boricua – 5,068
- Coalition With a Purpose – 2,936
- Ecology – 2,881
- Socialism and Liberation – 1,821
- People's – 1,212
- Forward – 456
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- Socialist Workers – 592
- Reform – 209
- Others – 189,471
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- Independent Party of Louisiana – 136,125
- Conservative Party of Louisiana – 794
- Socialist – 85
- American Solidarity – 103
- Socialism and Liberation – 5
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- Libertarian Association (unaffiliated) – 16,307
- United Independent Party – 14,469
- Socialist Party – 1,615
- Workers Party – 183
- Prohibition Party – 19
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- Legal Marijuana Now Party – 6,684
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- Conservative Party – 14,639
- Socialist Party – 7,856
- Natural Law Party – 5,589
- ^
- Libertarian Party (unaffiliated) – 15,036
- Others – 12,407
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- Conservative Party – 164,826
- Others – 407,952
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- Independent Party of Oregon – 137,972
- Oregon Progressive Party – 3,213
- Others – 16,703
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- American Independent Party – 85,674
- United Utah – 3,098
- Forward Party – 65
- Footnotes
- ^ a b c d e f g Winger, Richard (September 4, 2022). "August 2022 Ballot Access News Print Edition". Ballot Access News. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
- ^ a b "U.S. Senate: Party Division". United States Senate. Archived from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
- ^ a b c d "State Partisan Composition". National Conference of State Legislatures. April 1, 2019. Archived from the original on February 18, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
- ^ Johnston, Bob (9 November 2020). "Ballot Access Update". Libertarian Party. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
- ^ a b Doherty, Brian (15 September 2022). "Libertarian Party Faces State Rebellions". Reason. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
- ^ a b Segal, Cheryl (May 27, 2016). "5 things the Libertarian Party stands for". The Hill. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ^ Martin, Douglas (November 22, 2010). "David Nolan, 66, Is Dead; Started Libertarian Party". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ^ Dritschilo, Gordon (May 3, 2023). "Sammis makes party switch official". Rutland Herald. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
- ^ "Search Results Forward party | Ballot Access News". 2024-01-19. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
- ^ "Current Voter Registration Statistics – Utah Voter Information". vote.utah.gov. Retrieved 2024-06-09.
- ^ "2024 Voter Registration Statistics". CO SOS. Retrieved 2024-06-09.
- ^ Winger, Richard (2024-05-12). "New Florida Registration Data". Ballot Access News. Retrieved 2024-06-09.
- ^ Prose, J. D. (2023-06-21). "Two Pa. legislators announce their affiliation with centrist Forward Party". pennlive. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ^ a b Elliott-Negri, Luke (2 August 2016). "Lessons From Vermont". Jacobin. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ "ELECTED PROGRESSIVES". The Vermont Progressive Party. January 12, 2023.
- ^ "INDEPENDENT PARTY'S 2009 LEGISLATIVE AGENDA | Independent Party of Oregon". August 19, 2009. Archived from the original on August 19, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
- ^ "Senator Brian Boquist has left GOP, is now a member of the Independent Party of Oregon". Oregon Catalyst. January 15, 2021.
- ^ a b c d "List of political parties in the United States". ballotpedia.org. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ "State Board Recognizes Green Party as NC Political Party".
- ^ Winger, Richard (6 May 2024). "April 2024 Ballot Access News Print Edition". Ballot Access News. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
- ^ a b c d "2020 Presidential General Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections.
- ^ "Green Party Founding". www.c-span.org. C-SPAN. July 30, 2001. Archived from the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ^ a b c Feinauer, J.J. (January 16, 2014). "Want to support a third party? Here are your options". Deseret News. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ^ Meyerson, Harold (November 11, 2014). "Meet the Working Families Party, Whose Ballot Line is in Play in New York". Prospect. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
- ^ "Ballot Access News -- June 1, 2006". www.ballot-access.org. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
- ^ Winger, Richard (May 6, 2019). "Minnesota Independence Party Becomes State Affiliate of the Alliance Party | Ballot Access News". Ballot Access News. Retrieved 2021-12-17.
- ^ "How We Formed". Alliance Party. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
- ^ "Would-be independents joining the American Independent Party could blame California's voter registration card". Los Angeles Times. April 19, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ "Introducing the Association of Liberty State Parties" (PDF). LPNM. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
- ^ Thomas, Jeff (February 6, 1996). "Natural Law Party advocates meditation as way to peace". Colorado Springs Gazette - Telegraph. p. B.2.
- ^ "No separate destiny for US workers apart from the workers of the world". International Communist Press. October 1, 2018. Archived from the original on February 16, 2019. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
- ^ a b Cimmino, Jeff (August 7, 2017). "The American Solidarity Party Charts Its Own Path". National Review. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ^ a b Perkins, William; Travis, Jordan (2022-11-04). "In northern Michigan, some third-party candidates seek to break the mold". Traverse City Record-Eagle. Retrieved 2023-06-27.
- ^ Wojcik, Nik (October 26, 2016). "Peace and Freedom Party candidate talks socialism". Golden Gate XPress. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
- ^ Luning, Ernst (October 2, 2019). "Colorado's Approval Voting Party achieves minor party status". Colorado Politics. Archived from the original on August 20, 2020. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
- ^ "Our Platform - Movement For A People's Party". 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2023-05-09.
- ^ a b Metzger, Hannah. "Colorado Center Party becomes state's newest political party". coloradopolitics.com. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- ^ Chiusano, Mark (February 1, 2019). "End of a Long era for NY Conservatives". Newsday. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
- ^ "Oregon Peace Party becomes Progressive Party | Oregon Progressive Party". October 3, 2009. Archived from the original on October 3, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
- ^ Walker, Hunter (September 17, 2014). "American Separatists Are Thrilled About Scotland And Think It Will Lead To A 'Paradigm Shift'". Business Insider. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
- ^ Finnegan, Michael (September 3, 2008). "Sarah Palin's ties to Alaskan Independence Party are played down". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
- ^ "New centrist party forms in Utah to attract disaffected Republicans, Democrats". The Salt Lake Tribune. May 22, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
- ^ Penn, Ivan (October 30, 2012). "Ecology Party of Florida to battle over environmental concerns surrounding the Levy County nuclear plant". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved September 13, 2021.
- ^ "Could Hawaii see another political party? Aloha Aina hopes to join the mix". www.kitv.com. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ Featherly, Kevin (August 3, 2018). "Weed backer hopes to smoke competition in AG race". Minnesota Lawyer. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
- ^ Brash, Jim (April 20, 2016). "Q & A with the Legal Marijuana Now Party of Minnesota". The North Star. Archived from the original on May 10, 2017.
- ^ Lind, Michael (December 3, 1995). "The Radical Center or the Moderate Middle?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
- ^ "Unity Party Reaches Minor-Party Status in Colorado". Westword. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
- ^ Winger, Richard (March 28, 2021). "March 2021 Ballot Access News Print Edition". Ballot Access News. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
- ^ "A sobering alternative? Prohibition party back on the ticket this election" Archived October 7, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, May 11, 2016.
- ^ "American Freedom Party". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on May 11, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ^ "Socialist Equality Party Raises its U.S. Profile: With a History as Left Wreckers and a 19th Century Program, a Group to Beware of". Socialism.com. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
- ^ "Presidential Hopefuls Meet in Third Party Debate". PBS NewsHour Extra.
- ^ Alaska, Green Party of. "Green Party of Alaska". Green Party of Alaska. Retrieved 2022-01-01.
- ^ "Political Groups". elections.alaska.gov. Alaska Division of Elections. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ "This SFSU Calif. Secessionist is Newsom's most fascinating recall foe". June 21, 2021.
- ^ "Registration by Political Bodies Attempting to Qualify by County" (PDF). elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
- ^ "Third Choice | Independence Party of New York | United States". Ipny. Retrieved 2021-12-17.
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Further reading
[edit]- Nash, Howard P. Jr.; Schnapper, M. B. (1959). Third Parties in American Politics.
- Ness, Immanuel; Ciment, James (2000). The Encyclopedia of Third Parties in America. Armonk, NY: Sharpe Reference. ISBN 0-7656-8020-3.