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Rungholt

Coordinates: 54°28′N 8°43′E / 54.467°N 8.717°E / 54.467; 8.717
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rungholt is located in Schleswig-Holstein
Rungholt
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Location of Rungholt in present Schleswig-Holstein
North Frisian coastline before 1362
The island of Strand after the Grote Mandrenke (Danish: Den Store Manddrukning) with German and Danish place names
Rungholt and Strand in the Middle Ages, on a map from 1850

Rungholt was a low-lying settlement in North Frisia, in what was then the Danish Duchy of Schleswig. The area today lies in Germany. Rungholt was flooded, with massive erosion, when a storm tide (known as Grote Mandrenke or Den Store Manddrukning) hit the coast on 15 or 16 January 1362.[1][2]

Location

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Rungholt was situated on the island of Strand, which was largely destroyed by the Burchardi Flood of 1634; remaining fragments include the Nordstrand peninsula and the islets of Hallig Südfall, Pellworm and Nordstrandischmoor, while the rest now forms tidal flats in the surrounding Wadden Sea.

In 1921, ruins believed to represent Rungholt were discovered around Hallig Südfall: wells, trenches and part of a tidal lock.[3][4][5] In June 2023, the German Research Foundation announced that researchers had confirmed this identification, and had already mapped 10 square kilometers of the area including key features such as a church.[6][7][8][9] Detailed archeological investigations of the remains of buildings, dykes and a harbour have been published.[1][2]

History

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Documents about Rungholt mostly date from much later times (16th century). Archaeologists think Rungholt was an important town and port. It might have contained up to 500 houses, with about 3,000 people. Findings indicate trade in agricultural products and possibly amber.[3][4]

The great storm known as the Grote Mandrenke (Store Manddrukning), sometimes also named after the saint Marcellus, occurred on 15 or 16 January 1362.[3] Estimates put the number of deaths at around 25,000.[10] Possibly 30 settlements were destroyed, and the coastline shifted east, leaving formerly inhabited land in the tidal Wadden Sea.[4][5]

The vulnerability of the settlement to the storm tide has been attributed to agricultural development:

"It was like a natural landscape of peat bogs and fenland. It was very uninhabitable, and they completely colonized it. They completely changed the landscape," ... "Once you remove all this peat and get the water out, you have very, very rich soils that are perfect for agriculture [but] "with rising sea levels and increasing storminess, one day these dikes they built were not sufficient enough, and these settlements just drowned."[6]

Legends and later reception

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Sometimes referred to as the "Atlantis of the North Sea", the Rungholt of legend was a large, rich town, with the catastrophe supposedly a divine punishment for the sins of its inhabitants.[3]

Impressed by the fate of the town, the relics, and not least the legends' excessive descriptions, the German poet Detlev von Liliencron wrote the 1882 poem "Trutz, Blanke Hans" about the lost town, which begins: Heut bin ich über Rungholt gefahren, die Stadt ging unter vor sechshundert Jahren. ("Today I traveled over Rungholt; the town sank 600 years ago.").[11]

The Sinbadventurers (German: Die Hamburger Sindbadauken) is an opera for children composed by Benjamin Gordon [de] with a libretto by Francis Hüsers. [12] It was commissioned by the Hamburg State Opera and was first performed on February 8, 2015. In the opera, three children set out to discover the lost gold of Rungholt. In the Interlude before the final act, the main character, Lotte, tries desperately to warn the citizens of Rungholt of their impeding destruction by reciting verses from Liliencron’s ballad.

German singer Achim Reichel put Liliencron's poem to music on his 1977 album Regenballade [de].[citation needed]

German band Santiano released a song called "Rungholt" in their 2015 CD "Von Liebe, Tod und Freiheit". It also includes verses from von Liliencron's poem.[citation needed]

Theodor Storm mentions Rungholt in his novella Eine Halligfahrt.[3]

Christian Kracht mentions Rungholt in his novella Faserland.[3]

The Danish writer Dorothea Petersen mentions Rungholt in her historical novel Havets rytter.[13]

Ursula Hegi mentions Rungholt in her 2020 novel The Patron Saint of Pregnant Girls.[14]

Local myth has it that one can still hear the church bells of Rungholt ringing underwater when sailing through the area on a calm night.[3]

  • Finds from the Wadden Sea, possibly from Rungholt
    Finds from the Wadden Sea, possibly from Rungholt
  • Pieces of wood found in the tidal flats, possibly from Rungholt, at display in the NordseeMuseum Husum
    Pieces of wood found in the tidal flats, possibly from Rungholt, at display in the NordseeMuseum Husum

See also

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German Wikisource has original text related to this article:

References

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  1. ^ a b Wilken, Dennis; Hadler, Hanna; Wunderlich, Tina; Majchczack, Bente; Schwardt, Michaela; Fediuk, Annika; Fischer, Peter; Willershäuser, Timo; Klooß, Stefanie; Vött, Andreas; Rabbel, Wolfgang (2022-04-04). De Smedt, Philippe (ed.). "Lost in the North Sea—Geophysical and geoarchaeological prospection of the Rungholt medieval dyke system (North Frisia, Germany)". PLOS ONE. 17 (4): e0265463. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0265463. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8979465. PMID 35377888.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  2. ^ a b Wilken, Dennis; Hadler, Hanna; Majchczack, Bente Sven; Blankenfeldt, Ruth; Auge, Oliver; Bäumler, Sarah; Bienen-Scholt, Dirk; Ickerodt, Ulf; Klooß, Stefanie; Reiß, Antonia; Willershäuser, Timo; Rabbel, Wolfgang; Vött, Andreas (2024-07-06). "The discovery of the church of Rungholt, a landmark for the drowned medieval landscapes of the Wadden Sea World Heritage". Scientific Reports. 14 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-024-66245-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 11227575. PMID 38971936.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Heed, Levke (13 July 2012). "Rungholt – "Atlantis der Nordsee" (German)". Norddeutscher Rundfunk. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  4. ^ a b c Steinlein, Christina (15 August 2012). "Rungholt – das deutsche Atlantis (German)". Focus Online. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  5. ^ a b "Rungholt – auf den Spuren einer versunkenen Welt" [Rungholt: In the footsteps of a sunken world]. Husumer Nachrichten (in German). 22 August 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2016 – via sh:z.
  6. ^ a b "Scientists map medieval town that's been buried beneath the sea for 661 years". CBC Radio. 8 June 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2023. Researchers find what they believe is the central church of Rungholt, the 'Atlantis of the North Sea'
  7. ^ "Vermisst seit 1362" [Missing since 1362]. uni-kiel.de (in German). Kiel University. 23 May 2023. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  8. ^ "Lost since 1362: Researchers discover the church of a sunken medieval trading place". uni-mainz.de. University of Mainz. 24 May 2023. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  9. ^ "Vermisst seit 1362" [Missing since 1362]. schleswig-holstein.de (in German). Archäologisches Landesamt Schleswig-Holstein. 23 May 2023. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  10. ^ Stephen Moss (2011-01-20). "Weatherwatch: The Grote Mandrenke". Guardian. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  11. ^ von Liliencron, Detlev (1883). Trutz, Blanke Hans  (poem). Adjutantenritte und andere Gedichte (in German). Leipzig: Wilhelm Friedrich. OCLC 837192716 – via Wikisource.
  12. ^ "Uraufführung Die Hamburger Sindbadauken" (in German). Retrieved 2023-09-11.
  13. ^ "Forlaget Mellemgaard: Havets rytter".
  14. ^ "The Patron Saint of Pregnant Girls". US Macmillan. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
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Media related to Rungholt at Wikimedia Commons

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