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John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg

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John Sigismund
Portrait (unknown artist, c. 1610)
Elector of Brandenburg
Reign18 July 1608 – 23 December 1619
PredecessorJoachim Frederick
SuccessorGeorge William
Duke of Prussia
Reign28 August 1618 – 23 December 1619
PredecessorAlbert Frederick
SuccessorGeorge William
Duke of Cleves
Count of Mark
Count of Ravensburg
Reign11 November 1614 – 23 December 1619
PredecessorJohn William
SuccessorIncorporated into Brandenburg
Born(1572-11-08)8 November 1572
Halle, Archbishopric of Magdeburg, Holy Roman Empire
Died23 December 1619(1619-12-23) (aged 47)
Berlin, Electorate of Brandenburg, Holy Roman Empire
Burial
Spouse
(m. 1594)
Issue
more...
HouseHohenzollern
FatherJoachim Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg
MotherCatherine of Brandenburg-Küstrin
ReligionLutheran (until 1613)
Calvinist (since 1613)
SignatureJohn Sigismund's signature

John Sigismund (German: Johann Sigismund; 8 November 1572 – 23 December 1619) was a Prince-elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg from the House of Hohenzollern. He became the Duke of Prussia through his marriage to Duchess Anna, the eldest daughter of Duke Albert Frederick of Prussia who died without sons. Their marriage resulted in the potential creation of Brandenburg-Prussia, which became a reality after Poland's leader appointed John Sigismund in charge of Prussia in regency and, shortly thereafter, Albert Frederick died without an able, direct male heir.

Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia

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John Sigismund was born in Halle an der Saale to Joachim III Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg, and his first wife Catherine of Brandenburg-Küstrin. He succeeded his father as Margrave of Brandenburg in 1608. In 1611, John Sigismund traveled from Königsberg to Warsaw, where on 16 November 1611 he gave feudal homage to Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland (the Duchy of Prussia was a Polish fief at the time). He officially became Duke of Prussia in 1618, although he had served as regent on behalf of the mentally-disturbed Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia, for several years prior. He suffered a stroke in 1616 from which he didn't recover and died in 1619.

John Sigismund gave the Reichshof Castrop to his teacher and educator Carl Friedrich von Bordelius. Through his wife, he became a major claimant in the War of the Julich Succession. He received the territories of Cleves, Mark, and Ravensberg in the Treaty of Xanten in 1614.

Religious policy

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John Sigismund's most significant action was his conversion from Lutheranism to Calvinism, after he had earlier equalized the rights of Catholics and Protestants in the Duchy of Prussia under pressure from the King of Poland. He was probably won over to Calvinism during a visit to Heidelberg in 1606, but it was not until 25 December 1613 that he publicly took communion according to the Calvinist rite. The vast majority of his subjects in Brandenburg, including his wife Anna of Prussia, remained deeply Lutheran, however. After the Elector and his Calvinist court officials drew up plans for mass conversion of the population to the new faith in February 1614, as provided for by the rule of Cuius regio, eius religio within the Holy Roman Empire, there were serious protests, with his wife backing the Lutherans. Resistance was so strong that in 1615, John Sigismund backed down and relinquished all attempts at forcible conversion. Instead, he allowed his subjects to be either Lutheran or Calvinist according to the dictates of their own consciences. Henceforward, Brandenburg-Prussia would be a bi-confessional state.[1]

Family and children

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On 30 October 1594, John Sigismund married Anna of Prussia, daughter of Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia (1553–1618). She was the elder sister of his stepmother. They were parents to eight children:

Ancestry

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References

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  1. ^ Christopher Clark The Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia 1600-1947 (Penguin, 2007) pp. 115–121
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  • Theodor Hirsch (1881), "Johann Sigismund", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 14, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 169–175
  • Settlement of Dortmund between Brandenburg and Palatinate-Neuburg and the conflict of succession in Jülich, in full text
  • "Brandenburg, Confession of" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg
Born: 8 November 1572 Died: 23 December 1619
Regnal titles
Preceded by Elector of Brandenburg
1608–1619
Succeeded by
Preceded by Duke of Prussia
1618–1619
Vacant
Title last held by
John William
Duke of Cleves,
Count of Mark,
Count of Ravensburg

1614–1619
Incorporated into Brandenburg