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Larus

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Laurus.
For other uses, see Larus (disambiguation).

Larus
Great black-backed gull Larus marinus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Charadriiformes
Family: Laridae
Subfamily: Larinae
Genus: Larus
Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
Larus marinus
Linnaeus, 1758
Species

See list

Larus is a large genus of gulls with worldwide distribution (by far the greatest species diversity is in the Northern Hemisphere).

Many of its species are abundant and well-known birds in their ranges. Until about 2005–2007, most gulls were placed in this genus, but this arrangement is now known to be polyphyletic, leading to the resurrection of the genera Chroicocephalus, Ichthyaetus, Hydrocoloeus, and Leucophaeus for many other species formerly included in Larus.

They are in general medium-large birds, typically pale grey to black above and white below and on the head, often with black markings with white spots ("mirrors") on their wingtips and in a few species also some black on the tail. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet; in winter, the head is often streaked or smudged dark grey. The young birds are brown, and take three to five years to reach adult plumage, with subadult plumages intermediate between the young and adult.[1]

The taxonomy of the large gulls in the herring and lesser black-backed complex is complicated, with different authorities recognising from two species in the past, increasingly up to eight species more recently.

Taxonomy[edit]

The genus Larus was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.[2] The genus name is from Ancient Greek laros (λάῥος) or Latin larus, which appears to have referred to a gull or other large seabird.[3] The type species is the great black-backed gull (Larus marinus).[4][5] The Latin name Larus marinus translates as "sea gull", and the gulls in this genus generally are the species most often known colloquially as "seagulls".

Species[edit]

The genus contains 24 extant species.[6]

Image Common Name Scientific name Distribution
Pacific gull L. pacificus Australia.
Belcher's gull L. belcheri the Pacific coast of South America.
Black-tailed gull L. crassirostris coasts of the East China Sea, Japan, Manchuria and the Kuril Islands, to western Alaska in North America.
Olrog's gull L. atlanticus Atlantic coast of southern Brazil, Uruguay, and northern Argentina.
Heermann's gull L. heermanni Pacific coast of the United States, Mexico and extreme southwestern British Columbia.
Common gull L. canus northern Palearctic (northern Europe, northern Asia), wintering south to the Mediterranean and China.
Short-billed gull or mew gull L. brachyrhynchus northwestern North America.
Ring-billed gull L. delawarensis Canada and the northern United States, wintering south to the Caribbean.
Yellow-footed gull L. livens Gulf of California in Mexico.
Western gull L. occidentalis from British Columbia, Canada to Baja California, Mexico.
Caspian gull L. cachinnans Black and Caspian Seas and adjacent river basins, extending east into Central Asia; wintering west into Europe and south to the coasts of Arabia.
Kelp gull (called southern black-backed gull or karoro in New Zealand) L. dominicanus Antarctic Peninsula, southern South America, southern Africa, Southern Ocean Islands, southeastern Australia, and New Zealand.
European herring gull L. argentatus northern and northwestern Europe.
Vega gull (or East Siberian gull) L. vegae northeastern Siberia, wintering in Japan, Korea, southern and eastern China, and Taiwan.
Yellow-legged gull L. michahellis Mediterranean Sea and Macaronesia, dispersing north as far as the British Isles after breeding.
Armenian gull L. armenicus interior Turkey, the Caucasus and the Middle East, wintering in the eastern Mediterranean and the Persian Gulf.
Great black-backed gull L. marinus northwest European coasts, northeast North American coasts, and islands of the North Atlantic.
Glaucous gull L. hyperboreus Arctic Ocean coasts, wintering in the North Atlantic and North Pacific as far south as the British Isles and northernmost states of the United States, also on the Great Lakes.
Lesser black-backed gull L. fuscus Atlantic coasts of Europe and northwest Asia, wintering south to central Africa and India.
California gull L. californicus western interior North America from the Northwest Territories, Canada south to eastern California and Colorado, wintering south to western Mexico.
American herring gull L. smithsonianus North America from central and southern Alaska to the Great Lakes and northeast coast of the United States from Maine south to North Carolina, wintering south to the Caribbean.
Glaucous-winged gull L. glaucescens Pacific Ocean coasts of Russia and Alaska to the coast of Washington, wintering south to Japan and northwest Mexico.
Slaty-backed gull L. schistisagus northeastern coasts of Asia, wintering south to eastern China.
Iceland gull L. glaucoides Arctic Ocean coasts of Canada and Greenland, wintering from Iceland south to the British Isles and the far northeast USA, with subspecies thayeri wintering on the Pacific coast of North America.

Fossils[edit]

Fossils of Larus gulls are known from the Middle Miocene, about 20-15 million years ago; allocation of earlier fossils to this genus is generally rejected. Biogeography of the fossil record suggests that the genus evolved in the northern Atlantic and spread globally during the Pliocene, when species diversity seems to have been highest, as with most seabirds.

  • Larus sp. (Middle Miocene of Grund, Austria)
  • Larus sp. (Middle Miocene of Romania)[7]
  • Larus sp. (Late? Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, U.S.) - several species[7]
  • Larus elmorei (Middle Pliocene of Bone Valley, southeastern U.S.)
  • Larus lacus (Late Pliocene of Pinecrest, southeastern U.S.)
  • Larus perpetuus (Pliocene of southeastern U.S.)
  • Larus sp. (San Diego Late Pliocene of the southwestern U.S.)
  • Larus oregonus (Late Pliocene - Late Pleistocene of the west-central U.S.)
  • Larus robustus (Late Pliocene - Late Pleistocene of the west-central U.S.)
  • Larus sp. (Late Pleistocene of Lake Manix western U.S.)

"Larus" raemdonckii (Early Oligocene of Belgium) is now at least tentatively believed to belong in the procellariiform genus Puffinus. "L." elegans (Late Oligocene?/Early Miocene of St-Gérand-le-Puy, France) and "L." totanoides (Late Oligocene?/Early Miocene of southeastern France) are now in Laricola, while "L." dolnicensis (Early Miocene of the Czech Republic) was actually a pratincole; it is now placed in Mioglareola.

The Early Miocene "Larus" desnoyersii (southeastern France) and "L." pristinus (John Day Formation, Willow Creek, U.S.) probably do not belong in this genus; the former may be a skua.[8]

Ring species[edit]

The Larus gulls formerly interpreted as a ring around the Arctic: 1. L. fuscus graellsii & L. f. intermedius (Western European lesser black-backed gulls); 2. L. fuscus fuscus (North East European lesser black-backed gull); 3. L. fuscus heuglini (Heuglin's gull); 4. L. vegae birulai (Birula's gull); 5. L. vegae sensu stricto (Vega gull); 6. L. smithsonianus (American herring gull); 7. L. argentatus (European herring gull)

The circumpolar group of Larus gull species has often been cited as a classic example of the ring species. The range of these gulls forms a ring around the North Pole. The European herring gull, which lives primarily in Great Britain and Northern Europe, can hybridize with the American herring gull (living in North America), which can also interbreed with the Vega or East Siberian gull, the western subspecies of which, Birula's gull, can hybridize with Heuglin's gull which, in turn, can interbreed with the Siberian lesser black-backed gull (all four of these live across the north of Siberia). The last is the eastern representative of the lesser black-backed gulls back in northwestern Europe, including Great Britain. However, the lesser black-backed gulls and herring gull are sufficiently different that they rarely interbreed; thus, the group of gulls forms a continuum except in Europe, where the two lineages meet. However, a recent genetic study has shown that this example is far more complicated than presented here, and probably does not constitute a true ring species.[9]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Larus.
  1. ^ Olsen, Klaus Malling; Larsen, Hans (2003). Gulls of Europe, Asia and North America. London: Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-7087-5.
  2. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 136.
  3. ^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 219. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  4. ^ Selby, Prideaux John (1840). A Catalogue of the Generic and Sub-Generic Types of the Class Aves, Birds, Arranged According to the Natural System. Newcastle: T. and J. Hodgson. pp. 48–49.
  5. ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 313.
  6. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Noddies, gulls, terns, skimmers, skuas, auks". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  7. ^ a b Olson, Storrs L. (1985): Section X.D.2.j. Laridae. In: Farner, D.S.; King, J.R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.): Avian Biology 8: 181-182. Academic Press, New York.
  8. ^ (Olson, 1985).
  9. ^ Liebers, Dorit; de Knijff, Peter & Helbig, Andreas J. (2004). "The herring gull complex is not a ring species". Proc. R. Soc. B. 271 (#1542): 893–901. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2679. PMC 1691675. PMID 15255043.Supplemental material: Electronic appendices
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