Foreign relations of Nicaragua
![]() |
---|
![]() |
Nicaragua pursues an independent foreign policy. A participant of the Central American Security Commission, Nicaragua also has taken a leading role in pressing for regional demilitarization and peaceful settlement of disputes within states in the region.
Nicaragua has submitted three territorial disputes, one with Honduras, another with Colombia, and the third with Costa Rica to the International Court of Justice for resolution.
International membership
[edit]At the 1994 Summit of the Americas, Nicaragua joined six Central American neighbors in signing the Alliance for Sustainable Development, known as the Conjunta Centroamerica-USA or CONCAUSA, to promote sustainable economic development in the region.
Nicaragua belongs to the United Nations and several specialized and related agencies, including:
- World Bank
- International Monetary Fund (IMF)
- World Trade Organization (WTO)
- UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
- World Health Organization (WHO)
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
- International Labour Organization (ILO)
- UN Human Rights Commission (UNHRC)
- Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
- International Atomic Energy Commission (IAEA)
- Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)
- Central American Common Market (CACM)
- Central American Bank for Economic Integration (CABEI).
- Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)
- Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
- Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
- Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)
- Latin American Economic System (SELA)
- Central American Integration System (SICA)
International disputes
[edit]- Territorial disputes with Colombia over the Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank with respect to the maritime boundary question in the Golfo de Fonseca. The ICJ referred to the line determined by the 1900 Honduras-Nicaragua Mixed Boundary Commission and advised that some tripartite resolution among El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua likely would be required;
- Maritime boundary dispute with Honduras in the Caribbean Sea.
- Nicaragua is sovereign over the Rio San Juan, and by treaty Costa Rica has the right to navigate over part of the river with 'objects of commerce'. A dispute emerged when Costa Rica tried to navigate with armed members of its security forces.
International relations with intergovernmental organizations and countries
[edit]Nicaragua signed a 3-year Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in October 2007. As part of the IMF program, the Government of Nicaragua agreed to implement free market policies linked to targets on fiscal discipline, poverty spending, and energy regulation. The lack of transparency surrounding Venezuelan bilateral assistance, channeled through state-run enterprises rather than the official budget, has become a serious issue for the IMF and international donors. On September 10, 2008, with misgivings about fiscal transparency, the IMF released an additional $30 million to Nicaragua, the second tranche of its $110 million PRGF.[1]
The flawed municipal elections of November 2008 prompted a number of European donors to suspend direct budget support to Nicaragua, a move that created a severe budget shortfall for the government. This shortfall, in turn, caused the Government of Nicaragua to fall out of compliance with its PRGF obligations and led to a suspension of PRGF disbursements. The IMF is currently in negotiations with the Government of Nicaragua to reinstate disbursements.[1]
Under current president Daniel Ortega, Nicaragua has stayed current with the Central American-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement, which entered into force for Nicaragua on April 1, 2006. Nicaragua exports to the United States, which account for 59% of Nicaragua's total exports, were $1.7 billion in 2008, up 45% from 2005. Textiles and apparel account for 55% of exports to the United States, while automobile wiring harnesses add another 11%.[1]
Other leading export products are coffee, meat, cigars, sugar, ethanol, and fresh fruit and vegetables, all of which have seen remarkable growth since CAFTA-DR went into effect. Leading Nicaraguan exports also demonstrated increased diversity, with 274 new products shipped to the United States in the first year. U.S. exports to Nicaragua, meanwhile, were $1.1 billion in 2008, up 23% from 2005. Other important trading partners for Nicaragua are its Central American neighbors, Mexico, and the European Union. Nicaragua is negotiating a trade agreement with the European Union as part of a Central American bloc.[1]
Despite important protections for investment included in CAFTA-DR, the investment climate has become relatively insecure since Ortega took office. According to the United States State Department, President Ortega's decision to support "radical regimes" such as Iran and Cuba, his harsh rhetoric against the United States and capitalism, and his use of government institutions to persecute political enemies and their businesses, has had a negative effect on perceptions of country risk, which by some accounts has quadrupled since he assumed office. The government reports foreign investment inflows totaled $506 million in 2008, including $123 million in telecommunications infrastructure and $120 million in energy generation.[1]
There are over 100 companies operating in Nicaragua with some relation to a U.S. company, either as wholly or partly owned subsidiaries, franchisees, or exclusive distributors of U.S. products. The largest are in energy, financial services, textiles/apparel, manufacturing, and fisheries. However, many companies in the textile/apparel sector, including a $100 million U.S.-owned denim mill, had shuttered by 2017.[1]
Poor enforcement of property rights deters both foreign and domestic investment, especially in real estate development and tourism. Conflicting claims and weak enforcement of property rights has invited property disputes and litigation. Establishing verifiable title history is often entangled in legalities relating to the expropriation of 28,000 properties by the revolutionary government that Ortega led in the 1980s. The situation is not helped by a court system that is widely believed to be corrupt and subject to political influence.[1]
Illegal property seizures by private parties, occasionally in collaboration with corrupt municipal officials, often go unchallenged by the authorities, especially in the Atlantic regions and interior regions of the north, where property rights are poorly defined and rule of law is weak. Foreign investor interest along the Pacific Coast has motivated some unscrupulous people to challenge ownership rights in the Departments of Rivas and Chinandega, with the hope of achieving some sort of cash settlement.[1]
In October 2022, the European Union declared the Nicaraguan representative Zoila Müller non grata.[2]
Diplomatic relations
[edit]List of countries which Nicaragua maintains diplomatic relations with:[3]
![]() | ||
---|---|---|
# | Country | Date |
1 | ![]() |
4 August 1824[4] |
2 | ![]() |
8 March 1825[5] |
— | ![]() |
1836[6][7] |
3 | ![]() |
1839[8] |
4 | ![]() |
24 July 1840[9] |
5 | ![]() |
15 May 1845[10] |
6 | ![]() |
21 March 1851[11] |
7 | ![]() |
March 1857[12] |
8 | ![]() |
5 October 1857[13] |
9 | ![]() |
18 May 1858[14] |
10 | ![]() |
18 January 1859[15] |
11 | ![]() |
11 April 1859[16] |
12 | ![]() |
1864[17] |
13 | ![]() |
30 July 1868[17] |
14 | ![]() |
22 June 1891[18] |
15 | ![]() |
23 February 1904[19] |
16 | ![]() |
3 September 1905[20] |
17 | ![]() |
1905[21] |
18 | ![]() |
25 January 1906[22] |
— | ![]() |
19 December 1908[23][24] |
19 | ![]() |
29 August 1910[25] |
20 | ![]() |
20 March 1930[26] |
21 | ![]() |
18 November 1933[27] |
22 | ![]() |
February 1935[28] |
23 | ![]() |
1936[29][30] |
24 | ![]() |
13 December 1938[31] |
25 | ![]() |
5 July 1947[32] |
26 | ![]() |
18 May 1948[33] |
27 | ![]() |
1 June 1949[34] |
28 | ![]() |
21 September 1950[35] |
29 | ![]() |
10 April 1952[36] |
30 | ![]() |
6 August 1952[37] |
31 | ![]() |
6 July 1955[38] |
— | ![]() |
1955[39] |
32 | ![]() |
18 January 1956[40] |
33 | ![]() |
1957[41] |
34 | ![]() |
3 March 1958[42] |
35 | ![]() |
June 1961[43] |
36 | ![]() |
26 January 1962[44] |
37 | ![]() |
1964[45] |
38 | ![]() |
2 July 1965[46] |
39 | ![]() |
November 1967[47] |
40 | ![]() |
10 August 1973[48] |
41 | ![]() |
15 August 1975[49] |
42 | ![]() |
8 November 1975[50] |
43 | ![]() |
24 November 1975[51] |
44 | ![]() |
22 December 1975[52] |
45 | ![]() |
29 April 1976[53] |
46 | ![]() |
24 June 1976[54] |
47 | ![]() |
7 July 1976[55] |
48 | ![]() |
27 September 1976[56] |
49 | ![]() |
1 October 1977[57] |
50 | ![]() |
11 September 1978[58] |
51 | ![]() |
6 January 1979[59] |
52 | ![]() |
21 April 1979[60] |
53 | ![]() |
24 August 1979[61] |
54 | ![]() |
August 1979[62] |
55 | ![]() |
3 September 1979[63] |
56 | ![]() |
13 September 1979[64] |
57 | ![]() |
13 September 1979[65] |
58 | ![]() |
29 September 1979 |
59 | ![]() |
13 October 1979[66] |
60 | ![]() |
November 1979[67] |
61 | ![]() |
16 November 1979[68] |
62 | ![]() |
March 1980[69] |
63 | ![]() |
April 1980[70] |
64 | ![]() |
30 May 1980 |
65 | ![]() |
December 1980[69] |
66 | ![]() |
January 1981[69] |
67 | ![]() |
19 May 1981[71] |
68 | ![]() |
September 1981[72] |
69 | ![]() |
September 1981[73] |
70 | ![]() |
23 November 1981[74] |
71 | ![]() |
26 May 1982 |
72 | ![]() |
16 June 1982[75] |
73 | ![]() |
16 December 1982[76] |
74 | ![]() |
15 February 1983[77] |
75 | ![]() |
21 February 1983[78] |
76 | ![]() |
12 March 1983[79] |
77 | ![]() |
March 1983[80] |
78 | ![]() |
14 June 1983[81] |
79 | ![]() |
5 July 1983[82] |
80 | ![]() |
July 1983[69] |
81 | ![]() |
25 October 1983[83] |
82 | ![]() |
30 November 1983[84] |
83 | ![]() |
5 December 1983[85] |
84 | ![]() |
7 May 1984 |
85 | ![]() |
22 May 1984 |
86 | ![]() |
5 June 1984 |
87 | ![]() |
20 September 1984 |
88 | ![]() |
26 October 1984 |
89 | ![]() |
7 December 1985[86] |
90 | ![]() |
6 June 1986 |
91 | ![]() |
2 October 1986 |
92 | ![]() |
3 April 1987 |
93 | ![]() |
4 May 1987[87] |
94 | ![]() |
11 April 1988[88] |
95 | ![]() |
30 August 1988[89] |
96 | ![]() |
20 October 1988[90] |
— | ![]() |
10 March 1989[91] |
— | ![]() |
24 September 1989[92] |
97 | ![]() |
26 November 1989[93] |
98 | ![]() |
27 May 1991[94] |
99 | ![]() |
27 June 1991 |
100 | ![]() |
28 June 1991 |
101 | ![]() |
1 August 1991 |
102 | ![]() |
15 August 1991 |
103 | ![]() |
15 August 1991 |
104 | ![]() |
26 September 1991 |
105 | ![]() |
3 January 1992[95] |
106 | ![]() |
20 February 1992[96] |
107 | ![]() |
14 April 1992[97] |
108 | ![]() |
May 1992[98] |
109 | ![]() |
30 November 1992[99] |
110 | ![]() |
1992[100] |
111 | ![]() |
5 January 1993[101] |
112 | ![]() |
6 January 1993[102] |
113 | ![]() |
17 February 1993 |
114 | ![]() |
27 July 1993[103] |
115 | ![]() |
8 November 1993 |
116 | ![]() |
10 March 1994 |
117 | ![]() |
23 March 1994 |
118 | ![]() |
24 May 1994[104] |
119 | ![]() |
20 June 1994 |
120 | ![]() |
5 July 1994[105] |
121 | ![]() |
6 July 1994[106] |
122 | ![]() |
15 September 1994 |
123 | ![]() |
23 November 1994 |
124 | ![]() |
29 June 1995 |
125 | ![]() |
28 March 1996 |
126 | ![]() |
29 March 1996 |
127 | ![]() |
29 August 1996 |
128 | ![]() |
July 1998[107] |
129 | ![]() |
14 February 1999[91] |
130 | ![]() |
21 July 2000[108] |
131 | ![]() |
24 April 2001[91] |
132 | ![]() |
9 September 2003 |
133 | ![]() |
4 March 2004 |
134 | ![]() |
30 March 2006 |
135 | ![]() |
23 February 2007 |
136 | ![]() |
28 August 2007 |
137 | ![]() |
2 November 2007 |
138 | ![]() |
2 June 2009 |
— | ![]() |
14 September 2009[109] |
139 | ![]() |
24 September 2009 |
140 | ![]() |
2 October 2009 |
141 | ![]() |
22 October 2009 |
142 | ![]() |
20 April 2010 |
143 | ![]() |
11 May 2010 |
144 | ![]() |
3 August 2011 |
145 | ![]() |
21 September 2012[110] |
146 | ![]() |
23 February 2013 |
147 | ![]() |
27 June 2014 |
148 | ![]() |
30 March 2016 |
149 | ![]() |
7 July 2017 |
150 | ![]() |
15 May 2019 |
151 | ![]() |
6 June 2019 |
152 | ![]() |
7 June 2019 |
153 | ![]() |
12 June 2019 |
154 | ![]() |
13 June 2019 |
155 | ![]() |
17 June 2019 |
156 | ![]() |
26 June 2019 |
157 | ![]() |
2 July 2019 |
158 | ![]() |
8 July 2019 |
159 | ![]() |
22 July 2019 |
160 | ![]() |
30 July 2019 |
161 | ![]() |
8 August 2019 |
162 | ![]() |
4 September 2019 |
163 | ![]() |
9 September 2019 |
164 | ![]() |
17 September 2019 |
165 | ![]() |
18 September 2019 |
166 | ![]() |
14 October 2019[111] |
167 | ![]() |
16 October 2019[112] |
168 | ![]() |
18 October 2019 |
169 | ![]() |
23 October 2019 |
170 | ![]() |
1 November 2019 |
171 | ![]() |
8 November 2019[113] |
172 | ![]() |
11 December 2019 |
173 | ![]() |
6 August 2020 |
174 | ![]() |
25 September 2020 |
175 | ![]() |
17 May 2021 |
176 | ![]() |
14 June 2021 |
177 | ![]() |
24 September 2021[114] |
178 | ![]() |
25 September 2022[115] |
179 | ![]() |
17 February 2023 |
180 | ![]() |
28 February 2024[116] |
181 | ![]() |
Unknown[117] |
182 | ![]() |
Unknown |
183 | ![]() |
Unknown |
184 | ![]() |
Unknown |
Bilateral relations
[edit]Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
![]() |
See Algeria–Nicaragua relations
| |
![]() |
| |
![]() |
1985 (With the People's Republic of China)[118] | See China–Nicaragua relations
Nicaragua established diplomatic relations of the nationalist government of Republican China in 1930 but maintained relations after the central government of the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan after declaring the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. After the Sandinista National Liberation Front took power in 1979, Nicaragua recognized the PRC on 7 December 1985 until 9 November 1990 when FSLN was defeated and resumed relations with the ROC, which continued under Daniel Ortega's presidency since 2007. On 9 December 2021, Nicaragua resumed relations with the PRC.[119] |
![]() |
See Colombia–Nicaragua relations
The relationship between the two Latin American countries has evolved amid conflicts over the San Andrés y Providencia Islands located in the Caribbean close to the Nicaraguan shoreline and the maritime boundaries covering 150,000 km2 that included the islands of San Andres, Providencia and Santa Catalina and the banks of Roncador, Serrana, Serranilla and Quitasueño as well as the arbitrarily designed 82nd meridian west which Colombia claims as a border but which the International Court has sided with Nicaragua in disavowing.[120] The archipelago has been under Colombian control since 1931 when a treaty was signed during US occupation of Nicaragua, giving Colombia control over the islands.
| |
![]() |
3 September 1905 | See Cuba–Nicaragua relations
Relations between the two countries were particularly positive during Nicaragua's initial Sandinista period and have been strong since the 2007 election of Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua. |
![]() |
See Denmark–Nicaragua relations | |
![]() |
See Finland–Nicaragua relations
Finland is a significant donor of aid to Nicaragua. In 2007, total aid amounted to around EUR 14.5 million. The cooperation focused on rural development, health care and supporting local government.[121] In 1992, the Finnish government announced an aid program of US$27.4 million.[122] In 2006, the Finnish government pledged 4.9 million euros to help the Nicaraguan government integrate the ICT systems of 20 town councils.[123] In 2008, the Finnish government revoked a 1.95 million euro aid package meant for Nicaragua in protest of what it alleged was a lack of transparency in Nicaragua's national budget and its municipal elections.[124] In 2004, Finnish President Tarja Halonen visited Nicaragua[125] where she stated "The Finnish government and Parliament have decided that Nicaragua is one of the main targets of Finnish development aid. However, the visit has shown that Finland is not only giving money – it is also interested in what is happening here".[126] The Finnish President also made a speech to the National Assembly of Nicaragua on 31 May 2004.[127] In 2003, the two countries signed the Agreement for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments. In February 2012, Finland made decision to stop development aid to Nicaragua. The main reason was concern over the state of the democracy in Nicaragua.[128] | |
![]() |
| |
![]() |
Diplomatic relations severed in November 2008 |
|
![]() |
See Germany–Nicaragua relations | |
![]() |
See Greece–Nicaragua relations
| |
![]() |
See Holy See–Nicaragua relations
| |
![]() |
See India-Nicaragua relations | |
![]() |
Israel was the last country that still shipped weapons to the embattled Anastacio Somoza regime in 1978–1979 (the dictator's father had supported Israel in 1948, establishing a "special relationship" between Nicaragua and Israel), becoming the regime's main supplier of arms, after the Carter administration had cut off supplies amid the public outcry over Somozista troops' atrocities.[136] This soured the relations with the -Sandinista government; the relations were then gradually normalized. In March 2017, Nicaragua and Israel reestablished diplomatic relations after they were suspended in 2010.[137] | |
![]() |
1838 | See Mexico–Nicaragua relations
|
![]() ![]() |
October 1979 | See Nicaragua–Russia relations
Both countries signed diplomatic missions on October 18, 1979, a few months after the Sandinista revolution.[139] President Vladimir Putin visited Nicaragua on July 12, 2014.
|
![]() |
January 1962[140] |
The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and the Republic of Nicaragua began in January 1962.[140]
|
![]() |
Diplomatic Relations severed in October 2022 | The direct cause for severing relations was the Netherlands' decision to definitively terminate its financial contribution to the Nicaraguan authorities for the construction of a hospital in Nicaragua, which has been on hold for several years.[142] |
![]() |
20 March 1851 | See Nicaragua–Spain relations
|
![]() |
1956 |
![]() Relations with Nicaragua and Switzerland focus on development cooperation, humanitarian aid and trade.
|
![]() |
Nov. 11, 1926[145] | See Nicaragua–Turkey relations
|
![]() |
1859 | See Foreign relations of the United Kingdom
The UK established diplomatic relations with Nicaragua on 18 January 1859.[15]
Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization, as well as the Central America–UK Continuity Trade Agreement.[147] |
![]() |
1824; 1849 | See Nicaragua–United States relations
|
![]() |
1849 | See Nicaragua–Uruguay relations
|
![]() |
1979 |
Venezuela and Nicaragua have had diplomatic relations since January 1979. During the Venezuelan government of Carlos Andrés Pérez, they helped FSLN to overthrow regime of longtime Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle. Relations between Nicaragua and Venezuela have significantly improved during the presidency of Hugo Chávez. In 2007 Nicaragua became a formal member of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA) international cooperation organization and the Caribbean oil alliance Petrocaribe. In the recent years Nicaragua has received discounted oil from Venezuela with low payments. The presidents of Venezuela and Nicaragua, President Hugo Chávez and President Daniel Ortega, have both described themselves as good friends and visited one another's nations.
|
States with limited recognition
[edit]The following table includes Republic of China, Georgia, and some of the states with limited recognition:
Name | Recognized by Nicaragua | Notes |
---|---|---|
![]() |
See Abkhazia–Nicaragua relations
Nicaragua recognized Abkhazia[149] and South Ossetia[150] on September 5, 2008. At a press conference in November 2008, Nicaraguan Foreign Minister Samuel Santos López said, "Certainly, we think that the decision [to recognize independent Abkhazia and South Ossetia] was fair and appropriate. They [the republics] must be given time for inner formalities. We will coordinate the possibility and terms of direct diplomatic relations at a convenient moment. Obviously and logically, we will be acting via our friends, probably Russia, to establish closer contacts and diplomatic relations [with the republics]."[151] | |
![]() |
Yes |
|
![]() |
Yes | Recognized by 34 UN states, claimed by Morocco. |
![]() |
Yes | See Nicaragua–South Ossetia relations
Nicaragua extended diplomatic recognition to South Ossetia[150] and Abkhazia[149] on 5 September 2008. After the recognition was announced, the Nicaraguan Foreign Ministry stated that they would immediately establish ties with Tskhinval and would eventually appoint an ambassador to the republic.[citation needed] At a press conference in November 2008, Nicaraguan Foreign Minister Samuel Santos López said, "Certainly, we think that the decision [to recognize independent Abkhazia and South Ossetia] was fair and appropriate. They [the republics] must be given time for inner formalities. We will coordinate the possibility and terms of direct diplomatic relations at a convenient moment. Obviously and logically, we will be acting via our friends, probably Russia, to establish closer contacts and diplomatic relations [with the republics]."[151] The recognition of South Ossetia by Nicaragua triggered immediate reactions from other countries involved in the dispute over the status of South Ossetia. Georgia responded to Nicaragua's concurrent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia by cutting diplomatic relations with the Central American state at the end of November 2008.[154] Russia offered to strengthen ties with Nicaragua and to provide aid to Nicaragua to help rebuild areas damaged by hurricanes.[155] The U.S. Secretary of Commerce canceled a planned trip to Nicaragua, with the U.S. Ambassador in Managua saying, "It isn't the appropriate moment for the visit."[156] |
![]() |
Yes[157] | A sovereign entity without territory, established diplomatic relations with 104 states. |
![]() |
Diplomatic relations severed in 2021 |
Nicaragua used to maintain official diplomatic relations with Taiwan instead of the People's Republic of China. In 2007, President Daniel Ortega stated that Nicaragua will maintain its diplomatic ties with Taiwan. Ortega defended Nicaragua's right of having diplomatic relations with Taiwan and China at the same time and insisted that Nicaragua will not break its diplomatic relations with Taiwan and Vice-president Jaime Morales Carazo (during Ortega's first tenure) criticized the People's Republic of China for conditioning Nicaragua's diplomatic relations. Nicaragua maintained its diplomatic relations with Taiwan until 2021.[158] On December 9, 2021, Nicaragua broke off diplomatic relations with the Republic of China and recognised the PRC as the legitimate Chinese government.[159] |
See also
[edit]- List of diplomatic missions in Nicaragua
- List of diplomatic missions of Nicaragua
- Nicaragua v. United States
- Brazil–Nicaragua relations
- Nicaragua–United States relations
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h "Nicaragua". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 2017-01-21. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
- ^ "La Unión Europea expulsa a la embajadora de la dictadura de Daniel Ortega". 10 October 2022. Archived from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
- ^ "Diplomatic relations between Nicaragua and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
- ^ "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Nicaragua". Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ "Nicaragua" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
- ^ Las relaciones bilaterales entre Nicaragua y Ecuador: Situación actual y perspectivas a futuro (Thesis) (in Spanish). 2014. p. 34. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
- ^ "Nicaragua denuncia a Ecuador y respalda plenamente a México exigiendo el cumplimiento del Derecho Internacional" (in Spanish). 5 April 2024. Archived from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
- ^ "Acerca de la Representación" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
- ^ Coleccion de tratados del Salvador (in Spanish). Impr. del Doctor F. Sagrini. 1884. p. 294.
- ^ "Listado de paises con relaciones diplomatica". minex.gob.gt (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
- ^ "TRATADO ENTRE NICARAGUA I ESPAÑA, FIRMADO EN MADRID EL 25 DE JULIO DE 1850, I RATIFICADO EN 21 DE MARZO DE 1851" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
- ^ "RELACIONES ENTRE CHILE Y NICARAGUA. PRIMEROS CONTACTOS Y DIPLOMATICOS CHILENOS EN NICARAGUA" (doc) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
- ^ Coleccion de leyes, decretos y ordenes publicadas en el Peru desde el año de 1821 hasta 31 de diciembre de 1859: Ministerio de relaciones exterior es (in Spanish). 1862. p. 399.
- ^ "De amistad, comercio y navegación entre Nicaragua y la Bélgica firmado en Managua por los Señores Ministros Juárez y Kint el 18 de mayo de 1858" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
- ^ a b "Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation between Her Majesty and the Republic of Nicaragua". UK Parliament. Archived from the original on 20 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
- ^ Nouveau recueil général de traités: conventions et autres transactions remarquables, servant à la connaissance des relations étrangères des puissances et états dans leurs rapports mutnels. Rédigé sur des copies authentiques, 16 (in French). 1858. p. 66.
- ^ a b Lévy, Pablo (1873). Notas geográficas y económicas sobre la República de Nicaragua ...: y una exposicion completa de la cuestion del canal interoceánico y de la de inmigracion, con una lista bibliográfica, las mas completa hasta el dia, de todos los libros y mapas relativos á la América central y general y á Nicarrgua [!] en particular (in Spanish). p. 339.
- ^ Libro amarillo correspondiente al año ...: presentado al Congreso Nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias de ... por el titular despacho (in Spanish). Venezuela. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 2003. pp. 528–529.
- ^ "Bilateral cooperation". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
- ^ "Despedida Embajador de Cuba en Nicaragua" (in Spanish). 18 November 2021. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
- ^ "República da Nicarágua" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
- ^ "TRATADO DE AMISTAD, COMERCIO Y NAVEGACIÓN ENTRE ITALIA Y NICARAGUA" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
- ^ Giuseppe, De Marchi (1957). Le nunziature apostoliche dal 1800 al 1956 (in Italian). Ed. di Storia e Letteratura. p. 179.
- ^ "Nicaragua asks the Holy See to close respective diplomatic missions". 13 March 2023. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
- ^ "Tratado de amistad, comercio y navegación entre la rep. argentina y la rep. de nicaragua" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
- ^ Las relaciones entre Checoslovaquia y América Latina 1945-1989. En los archivos de la República Checa (in Spanish). Karolinum Press. 2015. p. 267.
- ^ "SERIA WYDAWNICZA: POLSKA SŁUŻBA ZAGRANICZNA 1918–1945 – materiały źródłowe Page 271 (in Polish)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- ^ "Japan-Nicaragua Relations". Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ "Vem är det : Svensk biografisk handbok / 1943 / Anderberg, Carl Gotthard Gylfe, envoye" (in Swedish). p. 28. Archived from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ Vem var det? Biografier över bortgångna svenska män och kvinnor, samt kronologisk förteckning över skilda ämbetens och tjänsters innehavare (in Swedish). Norstedt. 1944. p. 257.
Nicaragua. Anderberg, Gylfe ........ 1936-37
- ^ "RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ" (PDF). p. 195. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). 27 April 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
- ^ Israel of tomorrow, 2. Herald Square Press. 1949. Archived from the original on 2 May 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ^ "ESTABLECIMIENTO DE RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
- ^ "La política de apertura de Turquía hacia América Latina en el 70º aniversario de sus relaciones" (in Spanish). 16 October 2020. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ "70 Aniversario Relaciones Diplomáticas entre Alemania y Nicaragua" (in Spanish). 22 April 2022. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ "La Gaceta - Diario Oficial de Nicaragua - No. 182 del 11 de agosto 1952" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 1679. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-10-27. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
- ^ "La Gaceta - Diario Oficial de Nicaragua - No. 158 del 15 de julio 1955" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 1567. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-10-19. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
- ^ "2.05.168 Inventaris van het archief van het Nederlandse Gezantschap, later Ambassade in Costa Rica, 1954-1974" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
- ^ Memoria (in Spanish). Nicaragua. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 1956. p. 405.
- ^ "Bilateral relations Switzerland–Nicaragua". Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
- ^ "Nicarágua - Titulares" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
- ^ "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". 2020. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
- ^ "Overview - Nicaragua". Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ Mensaje del Poder Ejecutivo a la Asamblea General al inaugurarse el ... legislatura (in Spanish). Uruguay. President. 1965. p. 21.
- ^ "Nicaragua". Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ Udenrigsministeriets Tidsskrift (in Danish). Vol. 26. 1967.
- ^ "The Republic of the Philippines and the Republic of Nicaragua celebrate 48 years of formal diplomatic relations today, August 10!". Facebook. 9 August 2021. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
- ^ "Countries with which Jamaica has Established Diplomatic Relations". 16 April 2021. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ^ "LIST OF COUNTRIES WITH WHICH BARBADOS HAS DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BY REGIONS". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade (Barbados). Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
- ^ "สาธารณรัฐนิการากัว (Nicaragua)" (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2023-07-18. Retrieved 2023-07-22.
- ^ "Countries and regions A–Z". Archived from the original on March 30, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
- ^ Iran Almanac and Book of Facts. Vol. 16. Echo of Iran. 1977. p. 173.
- ^ "Lijst van Diplomatieke Betrekkingen en Visum-afschaffingsovereenkomsten" (PDF). gov.sr (in Dutch). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
- ^ Daily Report Latin America · Volume 76, Issues 128-137. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1976. pp. D-16.
- ^ Summary of World Broadcasts: Far East. Vol. 3. BBC. 1976. pp. A-28.
- ^ Hungary. Pannonia Press. 1980. p. 163.
- ^ "La gaceta diario oficial" (PDF) (in Spanish). 11 September 1978. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
- ^ AI bulletin. Vol. 19–20. Africa Institute of South Africa. 1979. p. 56.
- ^ "North Korea-Nicaragua Tie". New York Times. 24 August 1979. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ "Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1980. Выпуск двадцать четвертый. Зарубежные страны" (PDF) (in Russian). p. 301. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2023. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
- ^ "Congratulations to President of Nicaragua". 15 November 2021. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ Sub-Saharan Africa Report. Vol. 2158–2166. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1979. p. 15.
- ^ Paszyn, D. (2000). The Soviet Attitude to Political and Social Change in Central America, 1979–90: Case-Studies on Nicaragua, El Salvador and Guatemala. Springer. p. 27.
- ^ "LIST OF COUNTRIES MAINTAINING DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH MONGOLIA" (PDF). p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- ^ Valenta, Jiri (2019). Conflict In Nicaragua: A Multidimensional Perspective. Routledge.
- ^ "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 2022-07-04. Retrieved 2023-07-22.
- ^ a b c d Directory of the Republic of Nicaragua (PDF). Vol. 7–19. 1986. pp. 41–45. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
- ^ Xinhua News Bulletin. Vol. 221–233. Xinhua News Agency. 1988. p. 19.
- ^ Daily Report, Latin America Index · Volume 3. United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1982. p. 67.
Nicaragua Formed with Libya diplomatic relations May 19 81 P13 Libya Establishes Diplomatic Mission In Managua
- ^ "Nicaragua's Minister of Foreign Affairs on official visit to Algeria". africa.com. November 12, 2023. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
- ^ "Diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ "La gaceta diario oficial" (PDF) (in Spanish). 16 June 1982. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
- ^ "Iceland - Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Government of Iceland. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
- ^ Near East/South Asia Report. Vol. 2730. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1983. p. 61.
- ^ "Chronologies Dans Monde Arabe 1983/2 (N°100)". La Documentation française (in French). p. 74. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
- ^ Central Asia - Issue 13. Area Study Centre (Central Asia), University of Peshawar. 1983. p. 170.
Agreements on the establishment of diplomatic relations between the DRA and the Government of Laos and Nicaragua were concluded in New Delhi on March 12
- ^ "India-Nicaragua Bilateral Relations" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ Keesing's Contemporary Archives. Volume 29. 1983. p. 32482.
- ^ "Gaceta - Diario Oficial de Nicaragua - No. 189 del 19 de agosto 1983" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 1475. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-03-14. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 7479-7528. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1983. p. 6.
... The Nicaraguan Government on 25th October formally and officially established diplomatic relations with the Republic of Cape Verde at the United Nations ...
- ^ Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa - Issues 7479-7528. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1983.
Upper Volta-Nicaragua diplomatic relations at ambassadorial level had been established on 30th November...
- ^ "Australia to Open Latin Ties". The New York Times. 5 December 1983. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
- ^ Chai, Yu; Chai, Yunxia, eds. (2019). Sino-Latin American Economic and Trade Relations. Springer. p. 6.
- ^ West Africa. Vol. 3638–3655. West Africa Publishing Company Limited. 1987. p. 891.
- ^ Summary of World Broadcasts: The Far East. Part III. Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. 1988. p. 7.
- ^ New Zealand Foreign Affairs Review. Vol. 38. 1988. p. 21.
- ^ NewsBulletin. Vol. 87–114. ANGOP. 1988. pp. 10 and 14.
- ^ a b c "Memoria del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores 2002" (PDF) (in Spanish). 2004. pp. 657–667. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
- ^ "La Gaceta Diario Oficial 11 de Octubre de 1989" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 3. Retrieved 14 July 2024.
- ^ "La gaceta diario oficial" (PDF) (in Spanish). 1990. p. 115. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-11-11. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
- ^ "Jordan & Nicaragua Establish Diplomatic Relations". LADB. ISSN 1089-1560. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
- ^ Information Services on Latin America 44. I.S.L.A. 1992. p. 211.
- ^ Government of Antigua and Barbuda. "Chronology of Antigua and Barbudas Bilateral relations". Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
- ^ "Priznanja samostojne Slovenije" (PDF) (in Slovenian). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ^ "Обмін нотами між Міністерством Закордонних Справ України і Міністерством Закордонних Справ Республіки Нікарагуа про встановлення дипломатичних відносин". zakon.rada.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 23 August 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
- ^ "List of countries with which Saint Lucia has established Diplomatic Relations (MFA of Saint Lucia)". Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
- ^ "Štáty podľa svetadielov" (in Slovak). Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- ^ "Diplomatic & consular list". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ "La Gaceta Diario Oficial de Nicaragua - No. 163 del 30 de agosto 1993" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-10-04. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
- ^ "Коммюнике Правительства Республики Беларусь от 27 мая 1994 г. "Сумеснае Камюнiке аб устанаўленні дыпламатычных адносін паміж Рэспублікай Беларусь і Рэспублікай Нiкарагуа"" (in Belarusian). Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
- ^ "Страны, установившие дипломатические отношения с Республикой Казахстан" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
- ^ "Bilateral relations - Nicaragua". Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ Brunei Darussalam Newsletter. Department of Information, Prime Minister's Office. 2000. p. 3.
- ^ "Nicaragua" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 14 November 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
- ^ "Abkhazia: Nicaragua, Abkhazia establish diplomatic relations". 14 September 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
- ^ "Formal diplomatic relations list" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
- ^ "Embajadores de Siria y la República Islámica de Mauritania entregan copias de estilo a canciller Denis Moncada" (in Spanish). 14 October 2019. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
- ^ "Presidente Daniel y vicepresidenta Rosario en presentación de cartas credenciales (16 de octubre 2019)" (in Spanish). 17 October 2019. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
- ^ "Nicaragua establece relaciones diplomáticas con la República de Ruanda" (in Spanish). 9 November 2019. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- ^ "Nicaragua establece relaciones diplomáticas con la República de Chad" (in Spanish). 25 September 2021. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ "Nicaragua y Malawi establecen relaciones diplomáticas" (in Spanish). 25 September 2022. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ "The Kingdom of Tonga is pleased to formalize the establishment of her diplomatic relations with the Republic of Nicaragua. This marks a milestone in their bilateral cooperation and endeavours to achieving world peace..." 28 February 2024. Archived from the original on 1 March 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
- ^ "Ghana, Nicaragua to strengthen ties". GhanaWeb. 2 November 2019. Archived from the original on 5 November 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
- ^ 江易之 (1985). "同我国新近建交的尼加拉瓜". 国际问题资料 (24): 26–27. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12. Retrieved 2021-12-12.
- ^ "Nicaragua cuts ties with Taiwan and pivots to China". the Guardian. 10 December 2021. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
- ^ "Travel". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2023-10-09. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
- ^ "Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland: Entering Finland and travelling abroad". Archived from the original on 2016-03-13. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
- ^ ""Development aid from Finland", Caribbean Update". April 1, 1992. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2009.
- ^ "Finland signs US$6.3mn e-govt ICT program – Nicaragua". The America's Intelligence Wire. 2006-08-21.
- ^ "Finns pull aid to protest Nicaragua's alleged opposition clampdown". The Tico Times. Archived from the original on 2010-10-24. Retrieved 2009-05-19.
- ^ "Helsingin Sanomat – International Edition – Foreign". Archived from the original on 2006-11-08. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
- ^ "Helsingin Sanomat – International Edition – Foreign". Archived from the original on 2012-06-11. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
- ^ "Speech by President of the Republic of Finland Tarja Halonen at the National Assembly of Nicaragua on 31 May 2004". Archived from the original on 2007-11-10. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
- ^ "Finland stops development aid to Nicaragua". News. 16 February 2012. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
- ^ "Honorary consulate of Nicaragua in Helsinki". Archived from the original on 2022-06-28. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
- ^ "Relations between Georgia and the Republic of Nicaragua". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Georgia). Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
- ^ "Georgia Cuts Ties with Nicaragua over S.Ossetia, Abkhazia Recognition". Civil.ge. 29 November 2008. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
- ^ "Nach Klage vor UN-Gericht: Nicaragua schließt Botschaft in Deutschland". FAZ.NET (in German). 2024-04-10. Archived from the original on 2024-05-01. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
- ^ "MEA | Indian Missions Abroad | Indian Mission". mea.gov.in. Archived from the original on 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2015-05-14.
- ^ "Consulate General of Nicaragua in New Delhi, India". www.embassypages.com. Archived from the original on 2016-09-15. Retrieved 2015-05-14.
- ^ "Consulate of Nicaragua in Mumbai, India". www.embassypages.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-05-14.
- ^ "Israel in Central America. Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica". 27 May 1986. Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
- ^ "Nicaragua and Israel reestablishing diplomatic relations". Deutsche Welle. 2017-03-29. Archived from the original on 2022-05-20. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
- ^ "Inicio". Archived from the original on 2022-02-10. Retrieved 2023-07-22.
- ^ Ryan, David (2000). US foreign policy in world history. Routledge. p. 172ff. ISBN 0-415-12345-3.
- ^ a b "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea". www.mofa.go.kr. Archived from the original on 22 January 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ "주 니카라과 대한민국 대사관". overseas.mofa.go.kr. Archived from the original on 2019-07-09. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
- ^ "Nicaragua breaks diplomatic ties with the Netherlands in exceptional and unusual move". www.government.nl. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2022-10-01. Archived from the original on 2023-06-04. Retrieved 2023-10-08.
- ^ "Páginas – Embajada de España en Nicaragua". www.exteriores.gob.es. Archived from the original on 2014-12-02. Retrieved 2014-11-26.
- ^ "Swiss Cooperation Office in Managua". Archived from the original on 2020-10-29. Retrieved 2020-02-01.
- ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Nicaragua". Archived from the original on 2020-10-11. Retrieved 2020-10-20.
- ^ "British Embassy San Jose (for Nicaragua)". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
- ^ "UK and Central America sign continuity agreement". GOV.UK. 18 July 2019. Archived from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ "Embassy of the United States in Managua (in English and Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2014-12-25. Retrieved 2014-11-26.
- ^ a b "El Presidente de la República Nicaragua Decreto No. 47-2008" (PDF). Government of Nicaragua. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-09.
- ^ a b "El Presidente de la República Nicaragua Decreto No. 46-2008" (PDF). Government of Nicaragua. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-09.
- ^ a b "Nicaragua Considering Diplomatic Relations With Abkhazia, South Ossetia". iStockAnalyst. 2008-11-01. Retrieved 2009-03-04.[dead link]
- ^ "Palestine Embassy in Managua, Nicaragua". Consul.info. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
- ^ "Nicaragua expresses solidarity with Palestinians". Jerusalem Post. 5 February 2017. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
- ^ "Georgia severs diplomatic ties with Nicaragua". People's Daily. 30 November 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-12-08. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
- ^ "Russia seeks close ties with US ex-foe Nicaragua". Reuters. 2008-09-18. Archived from the original on 2009-07-07. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
- ^ "U.S.-Nicaraguan Relations Chill as Ortega Faces Domestic Tests". World Politics Review. 2008-09-19. Archived from the original on 2008-09-27. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
- ^ "中華民國外交部 – 國家與地區". Mofa.gov.tw. 2012-04-02. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
- ^ "Condecoran a funcionarios de la embajada de Taiwán en Nicaragua". La Voz del Sandinismo. 19 January 2021. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
- ^ Karol Suarez, Isa Soares and Ben Westcott. "Nicaragua ends relations with Taiwan in diplomatic victory for China". CNN. Archived from the original on 2021-12-09. Retrieved 2021-12-10.
External links
[edit]- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nicaragua (in Spanish)
- ICJ Nicaragua v. Colombia (Preliminary Objections) and (Merits) and 2007 Preliminary Objections Judgment Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine and ASIL and BBC Archived 2018-10-02 at the Wayback Machine and Colombia President and Colombia MFA and Analysis 20 Hague YIL 75–119 2008[permanent dead link]
- [1]